US-China Relations in the Trump 2.0 Era: A Timeline

This timeline was created on January 21, 2025, and was last updated on March 23, 2025. 

On January 20, 2025, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 47th president of the United States. His return to the White House signals a shift in US-China relations. Building on the aggressive stance of his first term, Trump 2.0 is expected to challenge China with a more transactional and unpredictable approach. The economic, security, and diplomatic consequences of his policies will not only reshape US-China ties but also influence the broader global geopolitical landscape.

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Trump is expected to intensify the trade confrontations that defined his first administration, potentially escalating tariffs and sanctioning Chinese companies in an effort to achieve greater economic self-sufficiency. However, his focus on America’s immediate interests may leave little room for long-term strategic alliances, making his policy more difficult to predict. As Trump looks to navigate his second term amid a tumultuous political backdrop, China will need to adapt quickly to a US president who is more focused on leveraging short-term victories than on pursuing traditional diplomatic strategies.

This timeline will track the key developments in US-China relations under Trump 2.0, examining the potential consequences for China’s economy and other key aspects, while offering insights into the strategies that both Washington and Beijing will adopt in the face of a renewed geopolitical rivalry.

US-China relations in the Trump 2.0 era

March 23, 2025: Premier Li Qiang meets with US Senator Steve Daines

Chinese Premier Li Qiang met with Republican Senator Steve Daines along with a group of American business executives in Beijing, as a part of the annual China Development Forum.

According to the readout of the meeting, Li urged communication between China and the US, stating that “Both sides should choose dialogue rather than confrontation, and choose win-win cooperation instead of a zero-sum game.”

He also emphasized the importance of trade in bilateral relations, warning that “the more difficulties bilateral relations face, the more important it is to safeguard and develop China-US economic and trade cooperation.”

This was the first meeting between Chinese and US officials since Trump took office in January, and comes amid an escalating trade war that has seen the US place 20 percent tariffs on goods coming from China.

During the last Trump administration, Daines played an important role in the negotiations for the Phase One US-China Trade Agreement, particularly in advocating for agricultural interests.

When asked in a regular press conference whether Daines’ trip signaled a possible meeting between Trump and Xi Jinping, Foreign Ministry spokesperson Mao Ning stated that “we […] welcome Americans from all walks of life, including members of the Congress, to visit China.”

March 20, 2025: US Department of State and US Treasury Secretary sanction Chinese oil terminal and refinery

The US Department of State on Thursday sanctioned the Huaying Huizhou Daya Bay Petrochemical Terminal Storage in Guangdong for allegedly “buying and storing Iranian crude oil from a sanctioned vessel.” Meanwhile, the Department of the Treasury (the Treasury) concurrently sanctioned the Shouguang Luqing Petrochemical Co., Ltd oil refinery in Shandong “for purchasing and refining hundreds of millions of dollars’ worth of Iranian crude oil.”

In addition, the Treasury sanctioned 12 entities and one individual and identified eight vessels as blocked property (property owned by sanctioned entities) for purportedly being part of Iran’s so-called “shadow fleet” of tankers, which ship “millions of barrels of Iranian oil to China”.

These sanctions are designed to end Iran’s oil exports. The US alleges that income derived from Iran’s oil exports is funding Iran’s attacks on US allies and helping to fund US-designated terrorist groups.

In a regular press meeting on Friday, Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Mao Ning called the action an “abuse of illicit unilateral sanctions and long-arm jurisdiction” and called for the US to stop “disrupting the normal business cooperation between China and Iran”. She also cautioned that China will “take all measures necessary to firmly safeguard the lawful rights and interests of our companies”.

March 4, 2025: China counters Trump’s tariffs with duties on US agricultural products

China’s Ministry of Finance (MOF) has announced a series of counter-tariffs on crucial US agricultural goods one day after Trump increased tariffs on Chinese goods to 20 percent.

The tariffs on US goods are as follows:

1. A 15 percent tariff on chicken, wheat, corn, and cotton.
2. A 10 percent tariff on sorghum, soybeans, pork, beef, aquatic products, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.

The MOF announcement stated that “the unilateral tariff increase by the US side undermines the multilateral trading system, increases the burden on US companies and consumers, and undermines the basis for economic and trade cooperation between China and the US.”

The tariffs will come into effect on March 10.

In a separate announcement, China’s Ministry of Commerce stated that China has sued the US under the WTO’s dispute settlement mechanism for the latest tariff hike, stating that it violates the WTO’s rules and “undermines the basis for economic and trade cooperation between China and the United States”.

The targeting of US agricultural products is calculated. China is one of the world’s largest importers of agricultural products and a major buyer of US soybeans, corn, and sorghum. Agricultural products were a core component of the trade deal struck between China and the Trump administration in 2019, which saw China commit to purchasing around US$200 billion in agricultural goods from the US over a two-year period.

The US’s agricultural producers are also mainly located in the US’s red states, meaning the tariffs will hit Trump’s core voter base the hardest.

March 3, 2025: Trump raises tariffs on Chinese goods to 20%, effective March 4

The Trump administration has officially raised the tariff rate on Chinese imports from 10 to 20 percent through an executive order (EO) signed on Monday. The EO states that the increase to the 10 percent tariff initially implemented on February 4 is necessary as China “has not taken adequate steps to alleviate the illicit drug crisis through cooperative enforcement actions”.

The new tariff rate takes effect on March 4, the same day the postponed 25 percent tariffs on Canada and Mexico come into force.

The Global Times, a sister publication of the state news organization The People’s Daily, reported on Monday that China was considering responding with counter-tariffs on US agricultural goods.

February 27, 2025: Trump threatens additional 10% tariff on Chinese goods

President Trump announced in a post on his social media platform Truth Social that he will impose an additional 10 percent tariff on Chinese imports starting March 4, the date on which the 25 percent tariffs on goods from Mexico and Canada will come into effect. In the post, Trump alleged that fentanyl coming into the US from Mexico and Canada are made and supplied by China, implying this is the reason for the tariff hike.

Trump already imposed a 10 percent tariff on all Chinese goods at the beginning of February, meaning the effective tariff rate would increase to 20 percent.

He also stated that the reciprocal tariffs on goods from all countries, announced on February 13, are scheduled to go into effect on April 2.

In a regular press conference on February 28, Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lin Jian said that the “fentanyl issue is just an excuse the U.S. uses to impose tariffs on, pressure and blackmail China” and that “the fentanyl issue is the U.S.’s own problem”.

Meanwhile, a spokesperson from the Ministry of Commerce stated that “China will take all necessary countermeasures to defend its legitimate rights and interests”.

February 21, 2025 – Trump signs memorandum restricting Chinese investment in the US on national security grounds

On Friday, Trump signed a National Security Presidential Memorandum (NSPM) directing the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) to restrict China-affiliated investors from investing in technology, critical infrastructure, healthcare, agriculture, energy, raw materials, and other strategic sectors in the US.

The memorandum claims that foreign adversaries, including China, “systematically direct and facilitate investment in United States companies and assets to obtain cutting-edge technologies, intellectual property, and leverage in strategic industries”.

The memorandum also calls for establishing new rules to curb US investment in Chinese industries “that advance the PRC’s national Military-Civil Fusion strategy and stop PRC-affiliated persons from buying up critical American businesses and assets”.

In addition to restrictions on investment in strategic industries, the memorandum also calls for restricting the purchase of farmland and real estate near sensitive facilities. According to a White House Fact Sheet, around 2 percent of all US agricultural land is owned by foreign entities and individuals, and China owns more than 350,000 acres of farmland.

In a statement posted to its website, the Chinese Ministry of Commerce called on the US to “stop politicizing and weaponizing economic and trade issues”, and warned that stricter investment rules would undermine Chinese companies’ confidence in the US market and cause US companies to cede ground to key competitors in China.

February 13, 2025 – Trump signs plan to impose reciprocal tariffs on all trade partners

Trump signed a memorandum on Thursday directing key ministers to implement a plan to impose reciprocal tariffs on all trade partners.

The “Fair and Reciprocal Plan”will examine non-reciprocal trade relationships with all trade partners, including tariffs on US products, unfair, discriminatory, or extraterritorial taxes on US businesses, workers, and consumers (including VAT), nontariff barriers or measures, including subsidies and regulatory requirements, and policies and practices that cause exchange rates to deviate from their market value.

Examples where the US’s trade partners do not provide reciprocal tariffs on American goods cited in a Fact Sheet include a 10 percent tariff imposed by the EU on American imported cars, while the US imposes a 2.5 percent tariff on European imported cars. Should the plan be implemented as intended, tariffs on car imports from the EU will rise to 10 percent.

The tariffs that Trump has imposed on products such as steel and aluminum, as well as the 10 percent tariff placed on Chinese goods, would be in addition to the reciprocal tariffs.

The broad scope of the types of duties and trade barriers targeted by the reciprocal action means further tariffs on Chinese goods could be very extensive. The US has in the past accused China of unfairly subsidizing the production of various goods the detriment of its domestic industries., and China also imposes VAT on most goods and services ranging from six to 13 percent.

In January of this year, the US Trade Representative released the results of an investigation into China’s shipbuilding subsidies, which concluded that China’s “targeting for dominance burdens or restricts U.S. commerce by undercutting business opportunities for and investments in the U.S. maritime, logistics, and shipbuilding sectors”. The report further stated that “responsive action is appropriate”.

It is also likely that the US’s major trading partners, such as the EU, will impose countermeasures on US goods in response to Trump’s actions.

February 10, 2025 – Trump states he has spoken to Xi Jinping

In an interview with Fox News on Monday, Trump stated that he has spoken to Chinese President Xi Jinping “and his people” since the inauguration on January 20, without saying when the talk took place or what was discussed.

Trump added that he “loved talking to him” and that they have “a very good personal relationship”.

The Chinese side has not confirmed when or whether the call took place, and the last confirmed communication between the two leaders was a phone call on January 17.

A White House spokesperson said last week that Trump would speak to Xi Jinping within a few days, but no update has been given on the status of the talks.

February 10, 2025 – Trump announces 25% tariff on steel and aluminum imports

On Monday, President Trump signed a proclamation announcing a 25 percent ad valorem tariff on all steel imports into the US and raises tariffs on aluminum imports from 10 to 25 percent. The tariffs will be applicable to imports from all countries and regions “without exception”, and will take effect on March 12.

According to the proclamation, the 25 percent tariff imposed on steel by Trump in 2018 effectively reduced the US’s reliance on imports and increased consumption of domestic supply. However, the proclamation asserts that various exemptions and alternative agreements negotiated with multiple countries and entities during the Trump and Biden administrations have led to imported steel comprising a proportion of US consumption comparable to levels prior to the initial tariff imposition. Additionally, the proclamation states that there is a “global excess capacity crisis” and that increasing Chinese steel exports in recent years is “displacing production in other countries and forcing them to export greater volumes of steel articles and derivative steel articles to the United States.”

As a result, the US will terminate all agreements and exemptions made with different trade partners and entities, and the 25 percent tariff will be reinstated for all steel imports.

Chinese direct exports of steel to the US are very small, accounting for just 0.8 percent of China’s total steel exports in 2024. However, Chinese steel exports to countries that are  major sources for steel imports for the US, such as Vietnam and Canada, accounted for 25.22 percent of China’s total steel exports in 2024, according to Investor.org.cn. As the tariff is effective worldwide, it will indirectly affect Chinese steel re-exports to the US via these third countries, thereby significantly impacting China’s global steel exports.

February 9, 2025 – Trump announces plan to impose 25% steel and aluminum tariff on all trading partners

Speaking to reporters on Air Force One on Sunday, Trump announced he would impose an additional 25 percent tariff on US steel and aluminum imports. The new tariff, which will reportedly be officially announced and take effect on Monday, will be added to all existing duties.

In September 2024, the Biden administration raised the tariff on imports of Chinese steel and aluminum products to 25 percent.

China’s steel and aluminum exports to the US have fallen in recent years and make up a small percentage of China’s overall exports. 

In addition to the steel and aluminum tariff, Trump said he would announce global reciprocal tariffs on Tuesday or Wednesday, which would go into effect immediately.

February 7, 2025 – Trump pauses executive action ending de minimis exception

The Trump administration on Friday released an amendment to an Executive Order deferring the end to the de minimis exception after its sudden implementation on February 4 caused chaos at US logistics centers and customs warehouses. An estimated four million packages entered the US per day in 2024 under the de minimis exception, which allows packages under US$800 in value to forego customs inspections and duties.

The amendment states that duty-free de minimis treatment will be available on eligible packages until “adequate systems are in place to fully and expediently process and collect tariff revenue”.

On February 4, the US Postal Service also announced a temporary suspension to international packages from the Chinese mainland and Hong Kong but reversed this decision the next day.

February 4, 2024 – US Postal Service suspends all parcels arriving from Mainland China and Hong Kong

In a notice posted to its website on Tuesday, the USPS announced that it will temporarily suspend international packages from the Chinese mainland and Hong Kong “until further notice”, effective the same day. Letters and “flats” (large envelopes, newsletters, and magazines) are unaffected.

On February 1, Trump signed an Executive Order which, among other actions, halted the de minimis exemption allowing parcels below US$800 in value to bypass customs inspections and duties when entering the US. The stated reason for halting the exemption is to prevent the import of fentanyl and chemical precursors, which arrive in the US via these types of small packages.

The halting of packages from China will severely affect online retailers such as Shein, Temu, and Amazon, as well as countless smaller retail businesses, whose business models are substantially based on exploiting this loophole. It will also have an immediate impact on American consumers, as millions of parcels that have already been shipped will be stuck in customs for an indeterminate amount of time. An analyst told Reuters that four million de minimis packages arrived in the US per day in 2024.

February 4, 2024 – China imposes tariffs on US imports, implements export controls on rare earths in retaliation to Trump’s tariff hike

Shortly after the Trump administration’s 10 percent additional tariff on Chinese imports took effect, China’s Customs Tariff Commission announced a series of retaliatory tariffs on goods originating from the United States.

These are:

• A 15 percent tariff on coal and liquefied natural gas, and
• A 10 percent tariff on crude oil, agricultural machinery, large-displacement cars, and pickup trucks.

Additionally, corresponding tariffs will be imposed based on current applicable tariff rates. Existing bonded and tax reduction and exemption policies will remain unchanged, and the additional tariffs will not be reduced or exempted. These tariffs are set to take effect on February 10.

In addition to the tariff increase, China’s Ministry of Commerce and Customs Administration announced export controls on 25 rare earth metal items, citing the need to “safeguard national security and interests and fulfill international obligations such as non-proliferation.”

The items subject to export controls include various derivations of tungsten, tellurium, bismuth, and molybdenum, critical materials for industries such as electronics, aerospace, and renewable energy.

While the announcement did not explicitly link the export controls to US tariffs, China’s role as one of the largest producers of rare earth metals makes these products a significant bargaining chip in the context of a potential trade war. In an executive order signed on his first day in office, Trump called for “Restoring America’s Mineral Dominance,” which included expanding access to land for mining in the US. He has also pursued efforts to expand access to critical minerals overseas, including threatening to annex Greenland and recently demanding Ukraine provide access to rare earths in exchange for military aid.

Separately, the Trump administration imposed 25 percent tariffs on Canada and Mexico but postponed their implementation by 30 days in both cases following negotiations. However, no such deal has been reached between China and the United States. According to White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt, Trump is expected to speak with President Xi Jinping “in the next couple of days,” according to Reuters.

February 4, 2024 – China announces antitrust probe into Google, adds two US companies to Unreliable Entities List

On Tuesday, China’s State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) announced that it has launched an investigation into Google for suspected violations of China’s Anti-Monopoly Law. The statement, published on SAMR’s website, did not provide specific details of the alleged violations. This news was released just one minute after the US’s 10 percent tariffs on Chinese imports took effect.

While Google’s search engine has not operated in China since 2011 and its Gmail service ended in 2014, some Google services and products, such as the Google Chrome browser, are still available in the country.

At the same time as the Google antitrust probe announcement, China’s Ministry of Commerce declared that it is adding two major US companies to its Unreliable Entities List: biotech giant Illumina, Inc. and fashion conglomerate PVH Group, the parent company of Calvin Klein and Tommy Hilfiger.

According to the Ministry, the two companies “violated normal market trading principles, interrupted normal transactions with Chinese companies, adopted discriminatory measures against Chinese companies, and seriously damaged the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese companies.”

Placement on the Unreliable Entities List subjects these companies to a range of potential penalties, including import and export restrictions, investment limitations, restrictions or prohibitions on company personnel entering China, revocation of work, stay, or residence permits for foreign staff, and fines.

Illumina has expanded its presence in China in recent years, establishing its first manufacturing site in Shanghai in 2022. Meanwhile, PVH Group has seen strong growth in the Chinese market, citing a 20 percent year-on-year increase in revenue in RMB terms in its 2023 Year in Review.

February 1, 2025 – Trump signs executive order slapping 10% tariff on Chinese imports

President Trump signed an executive order (EO) imposing an additional 10 percent tariff on Chinese goods entering the country, ostensibly to curb the import of fentanyl and other illicit substances. Canada and Mexico were separately hit with 25 percent additional tariffs under the same rationale. The additional tariffs will be levied “until the [illicit drug] crisis is alleviated”, according to a White House Fact Sheet.

The Fact Sheet also accused China of failing “to take the actions necessary to stem the flow of precursor chemicals to known criminal cartels and shut down money laundering by transnational criminal organizations”.

Under the Biden administration, the US and China increased collaboration to tackle the export of fentanyl and precursor chemicals from China to the US, launching the US-China Counternarcotics Working Group in January 2024. The initiative was a key part of the efforts to resume US-China cooperation on a variety of issues following years of diplomatic gridlock, and at the time was viewed as an easy win for the Biden administration. In April 2024, then-US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen announced the launch of the Joint Treasury-People’s Bank of China Cooperation and Exchange on Anti-Money Laundering. It is unclear whether these efforts will continue under Trump.

In addition to the tariffs, the EOs also announced a halt to the De Minimis exemption, which exempts parcels valued below US$800 from customs inspections and tariffs. The Trump administration has blamed small packages that fall under this threshold for the illegal import of fentanyl and precursor chemicals.

The suspension of the De Minimis exemption could significantly impact Chinese e-commerce giants like Shein and Temu, which have established vast customer bases in the US. Their business models heavily rely on exploiting this loophole by shipping low-value parcels directly from manufacturers in China to American consumers.

The tariffs will go into effect at 00:01 Eastern Time (13:01 China Standard Time) on Tuesday, February 4.

In response to the tariffs, a Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson said that China would “take necessary countermeasures to defend its legitimate rights and interests” and that the move violated WTO rules. China’s Ministry of Commerce also stated that it would file a lawsuit with the WTO and threatened to countermeasures to “safeguard its own rights and interests”.

January 22, 2025 – Trump threatens 10% tariff on China over Fentanyl from Feb 1

On January 22, 2025, during a White House event, President Donald Trump announced plans to impose a 10 percent tariff on Chinese imports as soon as February 1, citing concerns over fentanyl shipments. He accused China of sending fentanyl to Mexico and Canada, which he claimed was then trafficked into the United States. In response, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Mao Ning stated during a routine press briefing that China firmly opposes trade wars and tariff measures, emphasizing that “there are no winners in trade wars, and China will resolutely safeguard its national interests.”

January 20, 2025 – Trump’s second term begins with a focus on US-China trade relations

President Donald Trump marked the start of his second term with a broad trade policy directive, prioritizing a methodical review of the United States trade relationships, including a sharp focus on China. While no immediate tariffs were announced, the administration signaled its intention to evaluate Beijing’s adherence to the 2020 trade agreement and address trade imbalances.

Key developments include:

• Trade memo announcement: The memo, issued shortly after Trump’s inauguration, directs federal agencies to scrutinize trade deficits and unfair practices by major trading partners, with China being a key focus.
• 2020 trade deal under review: Trump’s directive includes assessing China’s compliance with the 2020 deal, which required Beijing to increase purchases of US goods by US$200 billion annually—a commitment largely unmet due to the pandemic.
• Avoiding immediate tariffs: Contrary to campaign rhetoric promising steep tariffs on Chinese imports, the administration appears to be taking a more strategic approach. Analysts suggest this could calm financial markets in the short term.
• Universal tariff expected: Trade experts believe Trump remains committed to imposing a global tariff as part of his economic agenda. The administration is expected to invoke statutes like Section 232 or Section 301 for future trade actions. Trump’s measured approach to tariffs suggests a possible window for negotiations, but the administration’s broader goals—such as pushing China to fulfill its trade commitments—may lead to renewed tensions. The directive reinforces the administration’s intent to hold China accountable for practices perceived as unfair, maintaining pressure in line with Trump’s first-term trade strategy.

This measured start to Trump’s second term reflects his administration’s continued focus on reshaping US-China trade ties, signaling challenges ahead for the bilateral relationship.

January 20, 2025 – Trump signs executive action to delay TikTok ban for 75 days

On January 20, 2025, former President Donald Trump signed an executive order to delay the enforcement of a TikTok ban for an additional 75 days.

Under the terms of the executive order, the U.S. Department of Justice will refrain from enforcing the Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act, which had been passed with broad bipartisan support in Congress and signed into law by former President Joe Biden in April 2024. The Act required TikTok to either sell its U.S. operations to an American or allied buyer or face a ban, effective January 19, 2025.

Prior to his inauguration, Trump had pledged on social media to take executive action to prevent the law from taking effect. Following this announcement, TikTok restored access for existing users after the app had been offline for more than 12 hours from Saturday night to Sunday afternoon.

It remains unclear whether TikTok will be able to continue operating in the U.S. after the 75-day delay. However, the extension provides TikTok’s China-based parent, ByteDance, with additional time to secure a potential buyer for the platform at least.

January 20, 2025 – Trump comments on reclaiming Panama Canal, references manifest destiny for space exploration

On January 20, 2025, newly inaugurated President Donald Trump stated that the United States would take back control of the Panama Canal. During his inauguration speech, Trump reiterated his accusation that Panama had broken promises made during the 1999 transfer of the canal and had allegedly allowed China to gain influence over its operation. He remarked, “We didn’t give it to China. We gave it to Panama, and we’re taking it back.” Although he did not specify when or how the US would pursue this goal, he previously suggested that military action could be a possibility, a comment that has drawn attention from both supporters and critics.

Trump’s statement on the Panama Canal was part of a wider discussion of his views on US territorial expansion. He invoked the concept of “Manifest Destiny,” historically associated with 19th-century US territorial expansion, and linked it to future goals for space exploration, specifically stating that the US would eventually aim to land astronauts on Mars. Some critics have expressed concerns that such rhetoric might encourage other countries, like Russia and China, to pursue more assertive actions in their respective geopolitical situations. Others have speculated that Trump’s statements may be a strategic move to set a strong negotiating position.

In his speech, Trump also reiterated plans to rename the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of America and expressed dissatisfaction with the transfer of the Panama Canal, calling it a “foolish gift.” His administration’s criticisms are based on claims of unfair treatment, particularly regarding shipping costs, though Panama has denied any unfair practices and emphasized that all vessels are treated equally, including those from China. While China does not control the canal itself, a subsidiary of Hong Kong-based CK Hutchison Holdings manages two ports near the canal’s Caribbean and Pacific entrances, which has been a point of contention in US-China relations.

The Panama Canal is a crucial waterway for both global trade and the US, playing a key role in the transportation of goods from Asia and in the export of US energy resources. Following Trump’s remarks, Panama’s maritime authority announced an audit of the Panama Ports Company, which manages the ports near the canal.

January 20, 2025 – Elon Musk and China’s Vice President meet ahead of Trump’s second term

Tesla CEO Elon Musk’s meeting with China’s Vice President Han Zheng in Washington, D.C., ahead of Donald Trump’s second-term inauguration, has sparked fresh speculation about Musk’s role in shaping US-China relations. According to Chinese state media, Han invited US firms, including Tesla, to deepen investments in China and strengthen economic ties. Musk reportedly reaffirmed Tesla’s commitment to expanding cooperation with China, a vital market that accounts for nearly a quarter of the company’s revenue and hosts its most productive manufacturing hub in Shanghai.

The timing of the meeting, alongside broader discussions with US business leaders, suggests China’s intent to stabilize relations with the US while maintaining economic partnerships. Musk, whose business interests are deeply tied to China, has been described as a potential intermediary between the Trump administration and the Chinese government. This comes amid unresolved tensions over trade and technology, including speculation around Musk’s involvement in a possible TikTok joint venture.

As Trump prepares to recalibrate trade policies, the meeting underscores the critical intersection of business diplomacy and geopolitics in US-China relations.

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